Their roles include regulating gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional level in cellular homeostasis. Linking long noncoding rna localization and function. Most gene expression studies in sepsis have focused in proteincoding genes and the expression patterns, and potential roles of long noncoding rnas lncrnas have not been investigated yet. The function of lncrnas is associated with their unique subcellular localization patterns. However, lncrna studies are still in their infancy and the functions of the vast majority of lncrna transcripts remain unknown. They have attracted intense attention in recent years, as evidence shows that lncrnas are involved in multiple cancer biology hallmarks 12. Landscape of tumor suppressor long noncoding rnas in. Pdf insights into the function of long noncoding rnas in. Long noncoding rnas and mirnas regulating terpene and. This study provides the first insights into the regulatory functioning of noncoding rnas in rose.
Nov 17, 2017 long noncoding rnas lncrnas have several known functions in plant development, but their possible roles in responding to plant disease remain largely unresolved. This multistage developmental process of spermatogenesis involves the expression of many male germ cellspecific long noncoding rnas lncrnas and highly regulated and specific gene expression. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas have several known functions in plant development, but their possible roles in responding to plant disease remain largely unresolved. Further insight into the biological significance and functioning of lncrnas will require additional studies to be conducted, which may lead to the discovery of yet. Recent studies suggest that the majority of the human genome is transcribed, but only about 2% accounts for proteincoding exons. Roles, functions, and mechanisms of long noncoding rnas in. Cancer lncrna census reveals evidence for deep functional. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas comprise different classes of rna molecules with sizes greater than 200 nt. This work enlarges the functional landscape of known long noncoding rnas in human cancer and provides novel insights into the suppressive roles of these long noncoding rnas. Insights into the functions of lncrnas in drosophila mdpi. Singlecell sequencing studies have identified hundreds of lncrnas with dynamic changes in somatic cell reprogramming. Here we discuss the emerging archetypes of molecular functions that lncrnas executeas signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds. Over the past decade, the study of lncrnas has emerged as a burgeoning field of. After a decade of research, we are beginning to understand the functionality of this vast set of long noncoding transcripts.
Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are a class of ubiquitous noncoding rnas and have been found to. Emerging evidence has shown that ncrnas have key functions in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. It provides 77 species of functionally annotated long noncoding rnas validated for disease specific roles through low put experiments and deals with evolution and disease association of lncrnas. Examples of long noncoding rna functions in cardiomyocytes. Insights into long noncoding rnas of naked mole rat heterocephalus glaber and their potential association with cancer resistance jian. Long noncoding rnas and mirnas regulating terpene and tartaric acid biosynthesis in rose. Mature lncrnas can accumulate in cis, localize in the nucleus in trans, or export to the cytoplasm to execute their functions. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are transcripts with low proteincoding potential but occupy a large part of transcriptional output. This book presents a common principle of actions of long noncoding rnas lncrnas from points of view at the atomic, molecular and cellular levels. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been defined as rna transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides and lack a significant open.
Noncoding rnas are known to play a regulatory role in many developmental contexts, including adipogenesis, and several micrornas have been identified that positively or negatively regulate adipogenesis 11, 12. New insights into long noncoding rnas and their roles in. Specifically, long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been shown to interact with the transcriptome in. Insights into the role and regulation of lncrnas in hcc. Large numbers of long rnas with little or no proteincoding potential long noncoding rnas lncrnas are being identified in eukaryotes. Insights into the function of long noncoding rnas in sepsis revealed by gene coexpression network analysis article pdf available january 2017 with 104 reads how we measure reads. Oliver,1 and wolf reik2 1mrc functional genomics unit, university of oxford, department of physiology, anatomy and genetics, south parks road, oxford.
The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and. Studies showing that misregulation of lncrnas can lead to disease have contributed to the emergence of lncrnas as attractive candidates for drug targeting. Naked mole rat nmr, heterocephalus glaber is an exceptionally long lived and cancerresistant rodent. Function and mechanism of long noncoding rnas in adipocyte. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are defined as noncoding rnas of more than 200 nt in length and were originally discovered through the largescale sequencing of mouse cdna libraries 9,10,11. Kumarswamy et al 102 used lncrna arrays to identify circulating long noncoding rnas in plasma samples. Cellular functions of long noncoding rnas nature cell. Here, we focus on the long noncoding steroid receptor rna activator sra, including new insights into its effects on gene expression, the cell cycle. In some cases, it appears that simply the act of noncoding rna transcription is sufficient to positively or negatively affect the expression of nearby genes.
Although the current literature is dominated by short rnas, there are an increasing number of reports describing long transcripts that, rather than encoding protein. Boone, phd1,2, 1university of pittsburgh, department of biomedical informatics 2computer science, biology, and biomedical informatics and university of pittsburgh cancer institute academies 3university of pittsburgh, chemistry department abstract. They are emerging as important regulators in gene expression. However, because the vast majority of the loci transcribed into lncrnas up to 50,000 in humans iyer et al. This multistage developmental process of spermatogenesis involves the expression of many male germ cellspecific long noncoding rnas lncrnas and highly regulated and specific gene. In this issue of blood, alvarezdominguez et al use a combination of genomics technology, bioinformatics, and functional analyses to provide new insights into our understanding of the role of long noncoding rnas lncrnas in erythropoiesis.
Abundant and functionally important types of noncoding rnas include transfer rnas trnas and ribosomal rnas rrnas, as well as small rnas such as micrornas, sirnas, pirnas, snornas, snrnas, exrnas. L ong noncoding rnas, previously thought as transcriptional noise, have recently come into the limelight as functional molecules taking part in epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In this study, we performed coexpression network analysis of proteincoding and lncrnas measured in. The pluripotent state of stem cells depends on the complicated network orchestrated by thousands of factors and genes. Recently, the untranscribed 98% of the human genome has been increasingly implicated in important processes such as cardiac organogenesis, physiology, and pathophysiology. Emerging role of micrornas and long noncoding rnas in. Noncoding rnas ncrnas, comprising a substantial part of polya tail mature rnas, are considered transcriptional noise.
Long noncoding rnas in renal diseases minghui liu1 and jie ren2,3,4,5 abstract long noncoding rnas lncrnas play critical roles in eukaryotic gene regulation and diseases, rather than being merely transcriptional noise. The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and stem cells rotem bentov perry and igor ulitsky abstract eukaryotic genomes are pervasively transcribed, with tens of thousands of rnas emanating from uni and bidirectional promoters and from active enhancers. Review open access new insights into long noncoding rnas and their roles in glioma zixuan peng1,2, changhong liu2 and minghua wu1,2 abstract glioma is one of the most prevalent types of primary intracranial carcinoma with varying malignancy grades iiv. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are a class of rna longer than 200 nt without a proteincoding function. Many are reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma hcc, and play key roles in tumorigenesis. Jan 19, 2016 among them, highresolution microarray and massively parallel sequencing analyses identified long noncoding rnas lncrnas as nonproteincoding transcripts. A noncoding rna ncrna is an rna molecule that is not translated into a protein. Insights into long noncoding rnas of naked mole rat. The role of long noncoding rnas in atrial fibrillation. Tsx produces a long noncoding rna and has general functions in the germline, stem cells, and brain. Long noncoding rnas long ncrnas, lncrna are a type of rna, defined as being transcripts with lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein. Long noncoding rnas in erythropoiesis blood american. New insights into decrypting long noncoding rnas article pdf available in international journal of molecular sciences 171 january 2016 with 183 reads how we measure.
Molecular biology coding functions of noncoding rnas. In parallel, increasing data describing the expression profiles, molecular features and functions of individual lncrnas in a variety of systems are accumulating. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are an important class of pervasive genes involved in a variety of biological functions. Here, we highlight recent efforts that have identified a myriad of molecular functions for long noncoding rnas.
Insights from global analyses of long noncoding rnas in breast cancer andrew j. This somewhat arbitrary limit distinguishes long ncrnas from small noncoding rnas such as micrornas mirnas, small interfering rnas sirnas, piwiinteracting rnas pirnas, small nucleolar rnas snornas, and other short rnas. New insights into long noncoding rnas and their roles in glioma. The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and stem. Sencr indicates smooth muscle and endothelial cellenriched migrationdifferentiationassociated long noncoding rna. It is also established that much of the genomic sequence between proteincoding genes is transcribed into long noncoding rnas. Insights into function find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Subsequent studies revealed that sra also functions as an rna coactivator for other. Cellular functions of long noncoding rnas runw en y ao 1, 3, y ang wang 1,3 and lingling chen 1,2 a diverse catalog of long noncoding rnas lncrnas, which lack proteincoding potential, ar e. In vertebrates, thousands of loci in each species produce a class of transcripts called long noncoding rnas lncrnas that are typically expressed at low levels and do not appear to give rise to functional proteins. These translation events may either have no function, regulate main orf translation, regulate noncoding functions of lncrnas, produce functional peptides that interact with main orfencoded proteins, or function independently.
Long noncoding rnas lncrnas constitute a heterogenic class of rnas that includes, for example, intergenic lncrnas, antisense transcripts, and enhancer rnas. The recognition that rnas can exert functions as both regulatory molecules and as information carriers to encode protein. Long noncoding rnas involve in resistance to verticillium. Eukaryotic genomes are pervasively transcribed, with tens of thousands of rnas emanating from uni and bidirectional promoters and from active enhancers. For each archetype, examples from several disparate biological contexts illustrate the commonality of the molecular mechanisms, and these. Insights into the function of long noncoding rnas in sepsis. Long noncoding rnas serve as new diagnosis and treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Feb 28, 2020 during this precisely regulated biological process, phasespecific gene expression is controlled posttranscriptionally by long noncoding rnas lncrnas 1, 7. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas, generally longer than 200 nucleotides and with poor protein coding potential, are usually considered collectively as a heterogeneous class of rnas. The dna sequence from which a functional noncoding rna is transcribed is often called an rna gene. Nov 10, 2016 long noncoding rnas lncrnas are a class of ubiquitous noncoding rnas and have been found to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes, which dramatically altered our understanding of cancer.
The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and stem cells. Long noncoding rnas are emerging as a class with wideranging functions in gene regulation. Interestingly, highly expressed lncrnas in plasma samples. Sepsis is a major cause of death and its incidence and mortality increase exponentially with age. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that lncrnas can involve in various critical biological processes and a number of complex human diseases. Roles and regulation of long noncoding rnas in hepatocellular. Novel approaches to profile functional long noncoding rnas. Because these investigations into long noncoding rnas were performed almost exclusively in nonsmall cell lung cancer, future work will need to extend these into other respiratory diseases and to analyze how micrornas and long noncoding rnas interact to regulate mrna expression. According to the transcript size, ncrnas can be roughly divided into small noncoding rnas and long noncoding rnas lncrnas. The establishment of long noncoding rnas lncrnas, once dismissed as junk dna, as essential gene regulators in many biological processes has redefined the central role for rna in cells. A diverse catalog of long noncoding rnas lncrnas, which lack proteincoding potential, are transcribed from the mammalian genome.
View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Moreover, alternative splicing can lead to the formation of circular rnas. The multifaceted roles of long noncoding rnas in pancreatic. At the atomic level, chemical studies of ribonucleic acids explain the chemical behavior of lncrnas. Lncrnas comprise a wide variety of rna transcripts of sizes greater than 200 nucleotides nt that lack significant proteincoding capacity, typically with 5m7g caps and 3. Insights from global analyses of long noncoding rnas in. Small noncoding rnas are rnas trnas, and circular rnas circrnas, while lncrnas were longer than 200 nucleotides. Recent advances in tiling array and high throughput analyses revealed that at least 87. The role of long noncoding rnas in neurodegenerative diseases. Atrial fibrillation af is a common arrhythmia with serious clinical sequelae, yet little is known about its genetic origins. Long noncoding rnas in cardiovascular diseases circulation. The complex universe of rna transcribed by mammalian cells includes thousands of large rna.
126 581 135 1524 1216 1570 724 1002 1201 1671 516 523 321 1262 918 1077 1126 735 615 795 1065 564 683 466 961 248 1421 1557 1342 1559 471 568 85 722 1096 891 184 1307 264 667 690 204 1020 1055 1111 457 884